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Four steps towards a healthier city

The first lecture, presented by Tim Townshend, provided us with an in depth look into the field of urban design. Firstly delving into key texts and theories within the UK / Western context and understanding the different dimensions of the field, one of which included the link between health and urban design.

It is far too simple to reduce the complex issue of health and wellbeing to mere articles that remind people of what to do and what not to do, when  cities could be designed in such a way to help people actively choose wisely. According to the “Urban design for health: inspiration for the use of urban design to promote physical activity and healthy diets in the WHO European Region” report, urban design has a direct correlation with health “by limiting or providing access to healthy foods and active lifestyles, which have profound effects on people’s physical and mental health.” (Santos, 2022).

This phenomena was discovered from new research from the US, demonstrating that disease is inevitable. These can come in the form of health related diseases but also lifestyle choices, a prime example being the excessive use of the automobile, which through the expulsion of their exhaust fumes can directly lead to health complications. As such, urban planners and architects alike devise ways to overcome these problems, for instance Gehl who emphasizes movement through a pedestrian and cycle-centric city.

Health and urban planning have been interlinked since the early ages, namely in Ancient Greece, where a sanctuary in Epidaurus was put in place. The below picture depicts what appears to be an amphitheatre when it is in fact a place of healing where people could receive blessings from the Gods. Should you have fallen sick, the God would visit you in your dreams, after which you’d report to the priest, who would prepare a cure for you based on the dream. During the recovery process one could attend a theatrical performance in a location that was deliberately picked for its scenic elements, deep in the lush valleys with views of the sea, away from civilization (Brierley, n.d.).

Figure 1: Sanctuary in Epidaurus

The Four Steps

More than 2000 years later, the concept of “integrative wellness” has once again gained traction. Under this template, mind is equally important to the body and treatments should focus on the whole person. On a similar note, there has been a surge of interest in creating healthy environments and ways of providing healthcare beyond an institutional setting, much like the Maggie’s Centres. With that being said, I would like to outline ways in which said ways can be executed (Brierley, n.d.).

1_Urban intervention

Figure 2: First Parklet, Douglas Street, Cork, Ireland

As Cork is an automobile-oriented city lacking in green space, air quality was inevitably a problem, additionally, outdoor spaces for physical activity were limited. The solution therefore was to integrate public benches with greenery into the urban fabric, promoting opportunities for public interaction (Mythen-Lynch, 2019).

2_Community allotments

Figure 3: Grenville Gardens Allotment

Located in Islington, London, the Grenville Gardens Allotment project was student-led, aiming to empower and reconnect the community to reclaim its local park. Consisting of 18 wooden planting boxes, each constructed and stewarded by a local family. As part of the assembly process each family were presented a step-by-step guide to constructing their allotment box tailored to individual needs through varied heights. The result truly reflected the diversity and eclecticism of the Islington community and its residents. (Wood, 2012).

3_Green spaces

Figure 4: Jardim de chuva do centro cultural fundiçao progresso, Rio de Janeiro

Addressing the impermeability of the urban landscape, rain gardens are put in place to reduce the flow rate, quantity and pollutant load of stormwater runoff. This method is primarily used to treat urban runoff through the use of plants, stones or other natural elements. In 2019, however, the first rain garden in Rio was installed at the Fundiçao Progresso Cultural Centre where a concrete sidewalk in front of the building was removed in favour of 200sqm of green space and eventually became a community based activity (Ghisleni, 2022).

4_Pedestrianized streets

Figure 5: Fulton Street, Chicago

Beginning in 2015 after a multimillion dollar investment into the project, the project, which concluded in July 2021 included new widened stone and concrete sidewalks, urban furniture comprising of benches and bike racks, new drainage system, parking and more. This work stretched from N Halsted Street all the way to N Ogden Avenue to the west and is designed to preserve the area’s historic character (Achong, 2022).

Conclusion

Overall, it seems as though paving the way to a healthier city does not come at a hefty cost, both economically and sustainably, and that such improvements can no doubt have a profound effect on the city. That being said, it does make me wonder why many cities do not employ these cost-effective methods knowing that they can greaty improve life.

Bibliography

References

Achong, I. (2022). City Council Approves New Pedestrian Streets In West Loop. [online] Chicago YIMBY. Available at: https://chicagoyimby.com/2022/01/city-council-approves-new-pedestrian-streets-in-west-loop.html [Accessed 5 Nov. 2022].

Brierley, M. (n.d.). Architecture of Wellbeing. [online] Royal Over-Seas League (ROSL). Available at: https://www.rosl.org.uk/rosl_news/933-architecture-of-wellbeing.

Ghisleni. (2022). 6 Urban Design Projects With Nature-Based Solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/964460/6-urban-design-projects-with-nature-based-solutions.

Mythen-Lynch, K. (2019). An adorable pop-up park has been installed on Douglas Street. [online] Yay Cork. Available at: https://www.yaycork.ie/an-adorable-pop-up-park-has-been-installed-on-douglas-street/ [Accessed 2 Nov. 2022].

Santos, (2022). Using Urban Design To Promote Physical Activity And Healthy Diets In The WHO European Region – Health Policy Watch. [online] Available at: https://healthpolicy-watch.news/urban-design-factors-who-europe/ [Accessed 1 Nov. 2022].

Wood, H. (2012). Grenville Gardens allotment project exemplifies community urban growing. [online] The Architects’ Journal. Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/archive/grenville-gardens-allotment-project-exemplifies-community-urban-growing [Accessed 2 Nov. 2022].

Appendix

Figure 1

https://visitworldheritage.com/en/eu/the-epidaurus-festival/0a2b1b4d-b47b-4581-8b70-34f0a8cd4ff2

Figure 2

https://www.yaycork.ie/cork-city-council-is-planning-ten-more-parklets-and-theyre-looking-for-parklet-partners/

Figure 3

https://bottomupdesignbuild.wordpress.com/page/2/

Figure 4

https://www.archdaily.com/964460/6-urban-design-projects-with-nature-based-solutions/60ca988ef91c81e7a000002c-6-urban-design-projects-with-nature-based-solutions-image

Figure 5

https://chicagoyimby.com/2022/01/city-council-approves-new-pedestrian-streets-in-west-loop.html

One response to “Four steps towards a healthier city”

  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    I find this response to the concept of creating healthier cities from the lecture to be well curated and thoroughly elaborated on. You have concisely and creatively identified potential small and cost-effective interventions to create sustainable and healthy portions of cities. I especially appreciate your example of the sanctuary in Epidaurus, depicting a misconceived space whereby healing is the true function. One small idea I had would be to quickly mention the direct connection to the parts of the lecture throughout your post so that it is clear to the reader what exactly you are responding to.

    I have two Canadian precedents that came to mind while reading your post. I will begin with the countless pedestrianized streets of Montreal, Canada, referencing your example of Fulton Street. Launched in 2014, the Pedestrian and Shared Streets Implementation Program (PIRPP) aimed at curbing the reliance on automobiles and shifting the focus to pedestrians through, “dynamic public spaces…promoting walkability…participatory planning approach[es]…[and] contributing to each borough’s unique character” (Sokolowski, 2019, p. 52). This program became a huge focus for the city of Montreal to allow for increased outdoor space, thereby enabling human interaction during COVID-19. The project has since been deemed a major success citing flexible and scalable design approaches with social and economic benefits at a vital time, resulting in $12 million worth of funding from the government (Shouse, 2022). The PIRPP can be said to have done well primarily due to its strong over-arching guidelines, yet contextual approaches. Each borough is analysed differently, and community contributions through various member’s proposals are highly valued. Elements such as bike lanes, vegetation, street furniture, lighting, accessibility, decorative elements, patio spaces, raised pavement, and informative signage are tested and implemented to varying degrees (Sokolowski, 2019, p. 53). The result is directly corelated with your points and the principles from the lecture on strategies to create healthier cities through sustainable interventions.

    The next example that came to mind is in reference to your precedent, the parklet on Douglas Street. Back when I was in third year of my undergrad, I had the opportunity to lead the design and construction of one of Toronto’s first parklets under the name, ParkletTO. Our design acted as an accessible extension of the sidewalk and created a patio space with ample seating and vegetation for pedestrians to pause and relax amidst the bustling city. Our project acted as the starting point for further parklet interventions implemented in the King Street Transit Pilot. The purpose of this project is like that of the PIRPP, whereby valuable street space in the heart of the city is given back to pedestrians and cyclists alongside sustainable street cars. The project has since been made permanent due to an improved public realm, ease of transit use, and increased spending on local business (Stevens, 2019, p. 4). It further proves your point on how simple, small interventions such as parklets and allotments of pedestrian spaces can go a long way to improving the quality of life in a cost-effective manner.
    _____________

    References

    Shouse, T. Y. (2022, September 27). More pedestrianized streets, please. The McGill Tribune. Retrieved January 5, 2023, from https://www .mcgilltribune.com/opinion/more-pedestrianized-streets-please-270922/

    Sokolowski, A. (2019). Retrofitting streets: A documentation of pedestrian-oriented streetscape initiatives in Canada, Halifax, Montreal, Vancouver. eScholarship@McGill. Retrieved January 3, 2023, from https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/papers/f4752n29c

    Stevens, B. (2019, July 31). Making Transit King: An Analysis of The King Street Transit Pilot. YorkSpace Home. Retrieved January 5, 2023, from https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/36905

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  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    I find this response to the concept of creating healthier cities from the lecture to be well curated and thoroughly elaborated on. You have concisely and creatively identified potential small and cost-effective interventions to create sustainable and healthy portions of cities. I especially appreciate your example of the sanctuary in Epidaurus, depicting a misconceived space whereby healing is the true function. One small idea I had would be to quickly mention the direct connection to the parts of the lecture throughout your post so that it is clear to the reader what exactly you are responding to.

    I have two Canadian precedents that came to mind while reading your post. I will begin with the countless pedestrianized streets of Montreal, Canada, referencing your example of Fulton Street. Launched in 2014, the Pedestrian and Shared Streets Implementation Program (PIRPP) aimed at curbing the reliance on automobiles and shifting the focus to pedestrians through, “dynamic public spaces…promoting walkability…participatory planning approach[es]…[and] contributing to each borough’s unique character” (Sokolowski, 2019, p. 52). This program became a huge focus for the city of Montreal to allow for increased outdoor space, thereby enabling human interaction during COVID-19. The project has since been deemed a major success citing flexible and scalable design approaches with social and economic benefits at a vital time, resulting in $12 million worth of funding from the government (Shouse, 2022). The PIRPP can be said to have done well primarily due to its strong over-arching guidelines, yet contextual approaches. Each borough is analysed differently, and community contributions through various member’s proposals are highly valued. Elements such as bike lanes, vegetation, street furniture, lighting, accessibility, decorative elements, patio spaces, raised pavement, and informative signage are tested and implemented to varying degrees (Sokolowski, 2019, p. 53). The result is directly corelated with your points and the principles from the lecture on strategies to create healthier cities through sustainable interventions.

    The next example that came to mind is in reference to your precedent, the parklet on Douglas Street. Back when I was in third year of my undergrad, I had the opportunity to lead the design and construction of one of Toronto’s first parklets under the name, ParkletTO. Our design acted as an accessible extension of the sidewalk and created a patio space with ample seating and vegetation for pedestrians to pause and relax amidst the bustling city. Our project acted as the starting point for further parklet interventions implemented in the King Street Transit Pilot. The purpose of this project is like that of the PIRPP, whereby valuable street space in the heart of the city is given back to pedestrians and cyclists alongside sustainable street cars. The project has since been made permanent due to an improved public realm, ease of transit use, and increased spending on local business (Stevens, 2019, p. 4). It further proves your point on how simple, small interventions such as parklets and allotments of pedestrian spaces can go a long way to improving the quality of life in a cost-effective manner.
    _____________

    References

    Shouse, T. Y. (2022, September 27). More pedestrianized streets, please. The McGill Tribune. Retrieved January 5, 2023, from https://www .mcgilltribune.com/opinion/more-pedestrianized-streets-please-270922/

    Sokolowski, A. (2019). Retrofitting streets: A documentation of pedestrian-oriented streetscape initiatives in Canada, Halifax, Montreal, Vancouver. eScholarship@McGill. Retrieved January 3, 2023, from https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/papers/f4752n29c

    Stevens, B. (2019, July 31). Making Transit King: An Analysis of The King Street Transit Pilot. YorkSpace Home. Retrieved January 5, 2023, from https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/36905

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School of Architecture
Planning and Landscape
Newcastle upon Tyne
Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU

Telephone: 0191 208 6509

Email: nicola.rutherford@ncl.ac.uk